Do the calories in USDA's branded food data add up?

FDA lets a brand calculate calories several ways. One of them is 4 calories per gram of protein and carbohydrate and 9 per gram of fat, set out in 21 CFR 101.9(c)⁠(1)⁠(i). The new calorie check runs that math on every branded food in USDA FoodData Central (release 2026-04-30) that lists calories, protein, carbohydrate and fat. That is 450,408 foods.

Of those, 20,463 miss their stated calories by more than 10 calories and more than 20% per 100 g. About half, 10,351, are label rounding on a small serving. Another 4,159 list fiber or sugar alcohols that account for the gap. The remaining 5,953 are gaps the rule cannot explain: 3,482 state fewer calories than the math gives, and 2,471 state more.

These are USDA’s copies of the labels, not the packages, so a gap can start in USDA’s data. Search any branded food on the page to see its stated calories next to the 4/4/9 math before it goes into a formulation. The same check is worth running on your own panel before it prints.